Evaluation of ultraviolet irradiation at 254 nm and 222 nm in inactivating human noroviruses on surfaces
Human norovirus (hNoV) presents significant public health challenges due to its low infectious dose and environmental persistence. This study compared the inactivation efficacy of ultraviolet C irradiation at 254 nm (UV 254) and far-UVC radiation at 222 nm (UV 222) against four hNoV GII strains and...
| Autores: | ; ; ; ; |
|---|---|
| Tipo de documento: | Artículo |
| Estado: | Published version |
| Fecha de publicación: | 2026 |
| País: | España |
| Institución: | Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) |
| Repositorio: | DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC |
| OAI Identifier: | oai:dnet:digitalcsic_::fd7a803b5f1c1517b3564cb77a1b317b |
| Acceso en línea: | http://hdl.handle.net/10261/431679 |
| Nivel de acceso: | Acceso abierto |
| Palabra clave: | far-UVC Inactivation mechanisms Infectivity Norovirus Porcine ear skin Simulated vomitus Surface disinfection Variant calling disinfection |
| _version_ | 1878740762007437312 |
|---|---|
| author | Bai, Hong |
| author2 | Tan, Malcolm Turk Hsern Hu, Jiangyong Randazzo, Walter Li, Dan |
| author2_role | author author author author |
| author_browse | Bai, Hong Hu, Jiangyong Li, Dan Randazzo, Walter Tan, Malcolm Turk Hsern |
| author_facet | Bai, Hong Tan, Malcolm Turk Hsern Hu, Jiangyong Randazzo, Walter Li, Dan |
| author_role | author |
| collection | DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC |
| description | Human norovirus (hNoV) presents significant public health challenges due to its low infectious dose and environmental persistence. This study compared the inactivation efficacy of ultraviolet C irradiation at 254 nm (UV 254) and far-UVC radiation at 222 nm (UV 222) against four hNoV GII strains and two surrogate viruses, Tulane virus (TV) and bacteriophage MS2. A symptom scoring assay was developed to assess hNoV infectivity following microinjection into zebrafish embryos, being used in combination with reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), long-range RT-qPCR, and RNase-treated RT-qPCR. With a general laboratory setup of viruses being suspended in deionized water droplets in Petri dish, UV 222 irradiated at 7 and 70 mJ/cm2 was demonstrated with comparable, if not superior, performance in reducing hNoV infectivity and RNA integrity and was significantly more effective than UV 254 in damaging viral capsids. MS2 exhibited inactivation patterns similar to hNoVs, whereas TV was markedly more resistant to UV 222. The performance of UV 222 was consistent in inactivating hydrated viruses on both stainless steel and porcine skin surfaces. However, the efficacy of UV 222 was substantially more reduced when virus inocula were dried or mixed with simulated vomitus containing high levels of organic matter, compared with UV 254. No evidence of viral adaptation or persistent genomic diversification was detected by RNA sequencing and variant calling after six rounds of repeated sublethal UV exposures. Taken together, UV 222 can be regarded as a promising technology in surface disinfection for hNoV control while keeping safe for human exposure. We recommend it to be applied after surface cleaning and ideally on moist surfaces. |
| eu_rights_str_mv | openAccess |
| format | article |
| id | ES_d8ec739eb7d182ed9aade0a1ce0bcc4a |
| institution | Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) |
| instname_str | Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) |
| network_acronym_str | ES |
| network_name_str | España |
| oai_identifier_str | oai:dnet:digitalcsic_::fd7a803b5f1c1517b3564cb77a1b317b |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| publishDateSort | 2026 |
| publisher | American Society for Microbiology |
| publisherStr | American Society for Microbiology |
| reponame_str | DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC |
| spelling | Evaluation of ultraviolet irradiation at 254 nm and 222 nm in inactivating human noroviruses on surfaces Bai, Hong Tan, Malcolm Turk Hsern Hu, Jiangyong Randazzo, Walter Li, Dan far-UVC Inactivation mechanisms Infectivity Norovirus Porcine ear skin Simulated vomitus Surface disinfection Variant calling disinfection Human norovirus (hNoV) presents significant public health challenges due to its low infectious dose and environmental persistence. This study compared the inactivation efficacy of ultraviolet C irradiation at 254 nm (UV 254) and far-UVC radiation at 222 nm (UV 222) against four hNoV GII strains and two surrogate viruses, Tulane virus (TV) and bacteriophage MS2. A symptom scoring assay was developed to assess hNoV infectivity following microinjection into zebrafish embryos, being used in combination with reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), long-range RT-qPCR, and RNase-treated RT-qPCR. With a general laboratory setup of viruses being suspended in deionized water droplets in Petri dish, UV 222 irradiated at 7 and 70 mJ/cm2 was demonstrated with comparable, if not superior, performance in reducing hNoV infectivity and RNA integrity and was significantly more effective than UV 254 in damaging viral capsids. MS2 exhibited inactivation patterns similar to hNoVs, whereas TV was markedly more resistant to UV 222. The performance of UV 222 was consistent in inactivating hydrated viruses on both stainless steel and porcine skin surfaces. However, the efficacy of UV 222 was substantially more reduced when virus inocula were dried or mixed with simulated vomitus containing high levels of organic matter, compared with UV 254. No evidence of viral adaptation or persistent genomic diversification was detected by RNA sequencing and variant calling after six rounds of repeated sublethal UV exposures. Taken together, UV 222 can be regarded as a promising technology in surface disinfection for hNoV control while keeping safe for human exposure. We recommend it to be applied after surface cleaning and ideally on moist surfaces. This research was financed by a department fund at the Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore (E-160-00-0015-01, Food Microbial Safety Research, Dr. Dan Li) and the Biomedical and Health Technology Platform, National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute (Dr. Dan Li). Peer reviewed Modelo experimental animal Peces - Peces de agua dulce. American Society for Microbiology http://hdl.handle.net/10261/431679 |
| spellingShingle | Evaluation of ultraviolet irradiation at 254 nm and 222 nm in inactivating human noroviruses on surfaces Bai, Hong far-UVC Inactivation mechanisms Infectivity Norovirus Porcine ear skin Simulated vomitus Surface disinfection Variant calling disinfection |
| status_str | publishedVersion |
| title | Evaluation of ultraviolet irradiation at 254 nm and 222 nm in inactivating human noroviruses on surfaces |
| title_full | Evaluation of ultraviolet irradiation at 254 nm and 222 nm in inactivating human noroviruses on surfaces |
| title_fullStr | Evaluation of ultraviolet irradiation at 254 nm and 222 nm in inactivating human noroviruses on surfaces |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation of ultraviolet irradiation at 254 nm and 222 nm in inactivating human noroviruses on surfaces |
| title_short | Evaluation of ultraviolet irradiation at 254 nm and 222 nm in inactivating human noroviruses on surfaces |
| title_sort | Evaluation of ultraviolet irradiation at 254 nm and 222 nm in inactivating human noroviruses on surfaces |
| topic | far-UVC Inactivation mechanisms Infectivity Norovirus Porcine ear skin Simulated vomitus Surface disinfection Variant calling disinfection |
| topic_facet | far-UVC Inactivation mechanisms Infectivity Norovirus Porcine ear skin Simulated vomitus Surface disinfection Variant calling disinfection |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/10261/431679 |