Mapping disparities in education across low- and middle-income countries

Analyses of the proportions of individuals who have completed key levels of schooling across all low- and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2017 reveal inequalities across countries as well as within populations. Educational attainment is an important social determinant of maternal, newborn, and...

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Authors: Graetz, Nicholas; Woyczynski, Lauren; Wilson, Katherine F.; Hall, Jason B.; Abate, Kalkidan Hassen; Abd-Allah, Foad; Adebayo, Oladimeji M.; Adekanmbi, Victor; Afshari, Mahdi; Ajumobi, Olufemi; Akinyemiju, Tomi; Alahdab, Fares; Al-Aly, Ziyad; Alcalde Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth; Alijanzadeh, Mehran; Alipour, Vahid; Altirkawi, Khalid; Amiresmaili, Mohammadreza; Anber, Nahla Hamed; Andrei, Catalina Liliana; Anjomshoa, Mina; Antonio, Carl Abelardo T.; Arabloo, Jalal; Aremu, Olatunde; Aryal, Krishna K.; Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran; Atique, Suleman; Ausloos, Marcel; Awasthi, Ashish; Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina; Azari, Samad; Badawi, Alaa; Banoub, Joseph Adel Mattar; Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn; Barnett, Anthony; Bedi, Neeraj; Bennett, Derrick A.; Bhattacharjee, Natalia V.; Bhattacharyya, Krittika; Bhattarai, Suraj; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Bijani, Ali; Bikbov, Boris; Britton, Gabrielle; Burstein, Roy; Butt, Zahid A.; Cardenas, Rosario; Carvalho, Felix; Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A.; Castro, Franz; Cerin, Ester; Chang, Jung-Chen; Collison, Michael L.; Cooper, Cyrus; Cork, Michael A.; Daoud, Farah; Das Gupta, Rajat; Weaver, Nicole Davis; De Neve, Jan-Walter; Deribe, Kebede; Desalegn, Beruk Berhanu; Deshpande, Aniruddha; Desta, Melaku; Dhimal, Meghnath; Diaz, Daniel; Dinberu, Mesfin Tadese; Djalalinia, Shirin; Dubey, Manisha; Dubljanin, Eleonora; Duraes, Andre R.; Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura; Earl, Lucas; Kalan, Mohammad Ebrahimi; El-Khatib, Ziad; Eshrati, Babak; Faramarzi, Mahbobeh; Fareed, Mohammad; Faro, Andre; Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad; Fernandes, Eduarda; Filip, Irina; Fischer, Florian; Fukumoto, Takeshi; Garcia, Jose A.; Gill, Paramjit Singh; Gill, Tiffany K.; Gona, Philimon N.; Gopalani, Sameer Vali; Grada, Ayman; Guo, Yuming; Gupta, Rajeev; Gupta, Vipin; Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin; Haj-Mirzaian, Arya; Hamadeh, Randah R.; Hamidi, Samer; Hasan, Mehedi; Hassen, Hamid Yimam; Hendrie, Delia; Henok, Andualem; Henry, Nathaniel J.; Hernandez Prado, Bernardo; Herteliu, Claudiu; Hole, Michael K.; Hossain, Naznin; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hu, Guoqing; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen; Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Izadi, Neda; Jakovljevic, Mihajlo; Jha, Ravi Prakash; Ji, John S.; Jonas, Jost B.; Shushtari, Zahra Jorjoran; Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy; Kanchan, Tanuj; Kasaeian, Amir; Karyani, Ali Kazemi; Keiyoro, Peter Njenga; Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif; Khan, Ejaz Ahmad; Khater, Mona M.; Kiadaliri, Aliasghar A.; Kiirithio, Daniel N.; Kim, Yun Jin; Kimokoti, Ruth W.; Kinyoki, Damaris K.; Kisa, Adnan; Kosen, Soewarta; Koyanagi, Ai; Krishan, Kewal; Defo, Barthelemy Kuate; Kumar, Manasi; Kumar, Pushpendra; Lami, Faris Hasan; Lee, Paul H.; Levine, Aubrey J.; Li, Shanshan; Liao, Yu; Lim, Lee-Ling; Listl, Stefan; Lopez, Jaifred Christian F.; Majdan, Marek; Majdzadeh, Reza; Majeed, Azeem; Malekzadeh, Reza; Mansournia, Mohammad Ali; Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlandio; Masaka, Anthony; Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard; Mayala, Benjamin K.; Mehta, Kala M.; Mendoza, Walter; Mensah, George A.; Meretoja, Tuomo J.; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Miller, Ted R.; Mini, G. K.; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M.; Moazen, Babak; Mohammad, Dara K.; Darwesh, Aso Mohammad; Mohammed, Shafiu; Mohebi, Farnam; Mokdad, Ali H.; Monasta, Lorenzo; Moodley, Yoshan; Moosazadeh, Mahmood; Moradi, Ghobad; Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar; Moraga, Paula; Morawska, Lidia; Morrison, Shane Douglas; Mosser, Jonathan F.; Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam; Murray, Christopher J. L.; Mustafa, Ghulam; Nahvijou, Azin; Najafi, Farid; Nangia, Vinay; Ndwandwe, Duduzile Edith; Negoi, Ionut; Negoi, Ruxandra Irina; Ngunjiri, Josephine W.; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Long Hoang Nguyen; Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini; Noubiap, Jean Jacques; Shiadeh, Malihe Nourollahpour; Nyasulu, Peter S.; Ogbo, Felix Akpojene; Olagunju, Andrew T.; Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola; Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun; Onwujekwe, Obinna E.; Ortega-Altamirano, Doris D. V.; Ortiz-Panozo, Eduardo; Overland, Simon; Mahesh, P. A.; Pana, Adrian; Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra; Pati, Sanghamitra; Patton, George C.; Perico, Norberto; Pigott, David M.; Pirsaheb, Meghdad; Postma, Maarten J.; Pourshams, Akram; Prakash, Swayam; Puri, Parul; Qorbani, Mostafa; Radfar, Amir; Rahim, Fakher; Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa; Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur; Rajati, Fatemeh; Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal; Rawaf, David Laith; Rawaf, Salman; Reiner, Jr., Robert C.; Remuzzi, Giuseppe; Renzaho, Andre M. N.; Rezaei, Satar; Rezapour, Aziz; Rios-Gonzalez, Carlos; Roever, Leonardo; Ronfani, Luca; Roshandel, Gholamreza; Rostami, Ali; Rubagotti, Enrico; Sadat, Nafis; Sadeghi, Ehsan; Safari, Yahya; Sagar, Rajesh; Salam, Nasir; Salamati, Payman; Salimi, Yahya; Salimzadeh, Hamideh; Samy, Abdallah M.; Sanabria, Juan; Milicevic, Milena M. Santric; Sartorius, Benn; Sathian, Brijesh; Sawant, Arundhati R.; Schaeffer, Lauren E.; Schipp, Megan F.; Schwebel, David C.; Senbeta, Anbissa Muleta; Sepanlou, Sadaf G.; Shaikh, Masood Ali; Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran; Shamsizadeh, Morteza; Sharafi, Kiomars; Sharma, Rajesh; She, Jun; Sheikh, Aziz; Shigematsu, Mika; Siabani, Soraya; Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves; Singh, Jasvinder A.; Sinha, Dhirendra Narain; Skirbekk, Vegard; Sligar, Amber; Sobaih, Badr Hasan; Soofi, Moslem; Soriano, Joan B.; Soyiri, Ireneous N.; Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T.; Sudaryanto, Agus; Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale; Sutradhar, Ipsita; Sylaja, Pn; Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael; Tadesse, Birkneh Tilahun; Temsah, Mohamad-Hani; Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman; Tessema, Belay; Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse; Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman; Topor-Madry, Roman; Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto; Tran, Bach Xuan; Car, Lorainne Tudor; Ullah, Irfan; Uthman, Olalekan A.; Valdez, Pascual R.; Veisani, Yousef; Violante, Francesco S.; Vlassov, Vasily; Vollmer, Sebastian; Vu, Giang Thu; Waheed, Yasir; Wang, Yuan-Pang; Wilkinson, John C.; Winkler, Andrea Sylvia; Wolfe, Charles D. A.; Yamada, Tomohide; Yeshaneh, Alex; Yip, Paul; Yisma, Engida; Yonemoto, Naohiro; Younis, Mustafa Z.; Yousefifard, Mahmoud; Yu, Chuanhua; Bin Zaman, Sojib; Zhang, Jianrong; Zhang, Yunquan; Zodpey, Sanjay; Gakidou, Emmanuela; Hay, Simon I.; Local Burden Dis Educ Attainment C
Format: Article
Status:Published version
Publication date:2020
Country:España
Institution:Fundació Sant Joan de Déu
Repository:r-FSJD. Repositorio Institucional de Producción Científica de la Fundació Sant Joan de Déu
OAI Identifier:oai:fsjd.fundanetsuite.com:p23876
Online Access:https://fsjd.fundanetsuite.com/Publicaciones/ProdCientif/PublicacionFrw.aspx?id=23876
Access Level:Open access
Keyword:MORTALITY
ATTAINMENT
AFRICA
MODELS
HEALTH
WORLD
Description
Summary:Analyses of the proportions of individuals who have completed key levels of schooling across all low- and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2017 reveal inequalities across countries as well as within populations. Educational attainment is an important social determinant of maternal, newborn, and child health(1-3). As a tool for promoting gender equity, it has gained increasing traction in popular media, international aid strategies, and global agenda-setting(4-6). The global health agenda is increasingly focused on evidence of precision public health, which illustrates the subnational distribution of disease and illness(7,8); however, an agenda focused on future equity must integrate comparable evidence on the distribution of social determinants of health(9-11). Here we expand on the available precision SDG evidence by estimating the subnational distribution of educational attainment, including the proportions of individuals who have completed key levels of schooling, across all low- and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2017. Previous analyses have focused on geographical disparities in average attainment across Africa or for specific countries, but-to our knowledge-no analysis has examined the subnational proportions of individuals who completed specific levels of education across all low- and middle-income countries(12-14). By geolocating subnational data for more than 184 million person-years across 528 data sources, we precisely identify inequalities across geography as well as within populations.